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Traditional African religions have faced persecution from the proponents of different ideologies.〔(Anne C. Bailey, ''African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame''. )〕〔M. Darrol Bryant, Rita H. Mataragnon, The Many faces of religion and society (1985), Page 100, books.google.com/books?id=kv4nAAAAYAAJ:"African traditional religion went through and survived this type of persecution at the hands of Christianity and Islam..."〕 Adherents of these religions have been forcefully converted to Islam and Christianity, demonized and marginalized.〔Garrick Bailey, Essentials of Cultural Anthropology, 3rd ed. (2013), Page 268, books.google.com/books?isbn=1133603564:"Later, during the nineteenth century, Christian missionaries became active in Africa and Oceania. Attempts by Christian missionaries to convert nonbelievers to Christianity took two main forms: forced conversions and proselytizing."〕 The atrocities include killings, waging war, destroying idols and sacred places, and other atrocious actions.〔 Festus Ugboaja Ohaegbulam, Towards and Understanding of the African Experience (1990), p. 161, books.google.com/books?isbn=0819179418:"The role of Christian missionaries are a private interest group in European colonial occupation of Africa was a significant one...Collectively their activities promoted division within traditional African societies into rival factions...the picture denigrated African culture and religion..."〕〔Toyin Falola et al., Hot Spot: Sub-Saharan Africa: Sub-Saharan Africa (2010), p. 7, books.google.com/books?isbn=031335972:"A religion of Middle Eastern origin, Islam reached Africa via the northern region of the continent by means of conquest. The Islamic wars of conquest that would lead to the Islamization of North Africa occurred first in Egypt, when in about 642 CE the country fell to the invading Muslim forces from Arabia. Over the next centuries, the rest of the Maghreb would succumb to Jihadist armies...The notion of religion conversion, whether by force or peaceful means, is foreign to indigenous African beliefs...Islam, however, did not become a religion of the masses by peaceful means. Forced conversion was an indispensable element of proselytization."〕 ==By Muslims== After the establishment of Islam, its rapid expansion and conquests displaced traditional African religions either by conversion or conquest. Traditional African religions have influenced Islam in Africa,〔Black God: The Afroasiatic Roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Religions, Julian Baldick〕 and Islam is considered as having more commonality with traditional African religions,〔"African traditional religion in the modern world", p. 125, by Douglas E. Thomas〕 but conflict has occurred, especially due to Islam's monotheistic stance and the rise of Muslim reformers such as Askia. Traditional African religions are tolerant of other gods, which allows general co-existence for multiple religions. This has been regarded by some authors to be another reason behind the rise of other religions in Africa.〔Molefi Kete Asante, "Encyclopedia of African Religion", Volume 1, 287:"It is this awareness of the limitation of human knowledge of God that explains, in part, the amazingly tolerant nature of African traditional religion and the absence of excommunications and persecution of heretics in the religious history of Africa ..."〕 Most followers of traditional religions accommodated Islam during the start of its spread in Africa,〔"The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to African Religions", 325, by Elias Kifon Bongmba〕 but in West Africa, it was not until the coming of colonialism that Islam gained mass appeal, transforming even groups with historical animosity towards Islamic domination into Muslim communities. In many instances, conflicting groups chose to align with Muslim armies against other African communities.〔Warfare in African History (New Approaches to African History) Richard J. Reid, Kindle Edition, location 617〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Persecution of traditional African religion」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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